Ceuta’s historical status, legal framework and recent border incidents frame Spain’s policy choices. Understanding the exclave’s past and present is essential for coherent national and European responses.
Ceuta’s long history, its status as an EU external border and recent migration episodes should frame Spain’s diplomatic and border-policy responses with Morocco.
Introduction: The trap of power In January 2019, Félix Tshisekedi took the oath of office on the 2006 Constitution, promising to respect it “in its letter and in its spirit.” Seven years later, the same man opens the door to a third term, conditions the 2028 elections on the security situation, and wields constitutional revision…
